report speech

3.  Report speech

-Indirect speech

Ketika kita menggunakan reported speech, tenses biasanya berubah karena saat kita melaporkan sesuatu, kejadian yang sebenarnya sudah terjadi di masa yang lalu.

Contoh:

Direct speech	Indirect speech
“I’m going to the cinema”, he said.	He said he was going to the cinema.

Perubahan Tenses

Perhatikan perubahan tenses berikut ini:

Direct speech		Indirect speech
Present simple She said, “It’s cold.”	›	Past simple She said it was cold.
Present continuous She said, “I’m teaching English online.”	›	Past continuous She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple She said, “I’ve been on the web since 1999.”	›	Past perfect simple She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous She said, “I’ve been teaching English for seven years.”	›	Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple She said, “I taught online yesterday.”	›	Past perfect She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous She said, “I was teaching earlier.”	›	Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect She said, “The lesson had already started when he arrived.”	›	Past perfect NO CHANGE – She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous She said, “I’d already been teaching for five minutes.”	›	Past perfect continuous NO CHANGE – She said she’d already been teaching for five minutes.

Bentuk Modals biasanya:

Direct speech		Indirect speech
will She said, “I’ll teach English online tomorrow.”	›	would She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
can She said, “I can teach English online.”	›	could She said she could teach English online.
must She said, “I must have a computer to teach English online.”	›	had to She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.
shall She said, “What shall we learn today?”	›	should She asked what we should learn today.
may She said, “May I open a new browser?”	›	might She asked if she might open a new browser.

Catatan: tidak ada perubahan untuk could, would, should, might dan ought to.

Direct speech	Indirect speech
“I’m might go to the cinema”, he said.	He said he might go to the cinema.

Kita bisa juga menggunakan present tense dalam reported speech jika kita ingin melaporkan bahwa yang kita laporkan itu adalah kenyataan, misalnya nama orang, dll.

Direct speech	Indirect speech
“My name is Lynne”, she said.	She said her name was Lynne. atau She said her name is Lynne.

Atau kita bisa juga menggunakan present tense untuk melaporkan kegiatan di masa yang akan datang.

Direct speech (exact quote)	Indirect speech (not exact)
“Next week’s lesson is on reported speech “, she said.	She said next week’s lesson is on reported speech.

 

Perubahan Waktu

Perhatikan perubahan waktu berikut:

Hari ini	+ 24 jam  - Indirect speech
“Today’s lesson is on presentations.”	She said yesterday’s lesson was on presentations.

Perubahan waktu jika dilaporkan ddi hari yang berbeda
this (evening)	›	that (evening)
today	›	yesterday …
these (days)	›	those (days)
now	›	then
(a week) ago	›	(a week) before
last weekend	›	the weekend before last / the previous weekend
here	›	there
next (week)	›	the following (week)
tomorrow	›	the next/following day

Dalam Reported Speech, keterangan tempat juga mengalami perubahan.

Contoh:

At work	At home
“How long have you worked here?”	She asked me how long I’d worked there.

Perubahan Pronoun

Dalam reported speech, pronoun sering berubah.

Contoh:

Me	You
“I teach English online.”	She said she teaches English online.

Referensi buku

Buku bahasa inggris

Pengrang :

1. Graded exercises in englis Robert J. Dixon
2. A dictionary of american idioms Adam makkai Ph.D.Linguist
3. Dictionary of english phrasal verbs and their idioms Tom Mc.Arthur
4. Essential idioms in english Robert J. Dixion